식품 ≫ 단백질 ≫ 단백질 종류

단백질 부작용 : 불내증, 알레르기, 중독, 발암

단백질 부작용 : 불내증, 알레르기, 중독, 발암
- 단백질 중독
- 단백질 불내증 : 셀리악병
- 밀가루 단백질 : Gluten이 만병의 근원이라는 주장
- 단백질은 알레르기 주요원인 :알러지 원인물질 : 11종

토끼 기아는 (또한 단백질 중독, 말 데 카리부, 지방 기아등으로도 알려진다) 흔치 않은 종류의 급성영양실조이며 식이지방을 절대 섭취하지 않으면서 단백질을 충분히 섭취하는 행동으로 발병하는 것으로 추정된다. 이 병의 원인으로 단백질의 초과량을 드는 사람들이 있다. 왜냐하면 고기와 지방을 적정 (예를 들어 페미칸과 같은) 비율로 소비하면 그 식사는 영양적으로 충분한 것으로 여겨지며 인간에게 몇개월 이상 영양분을 공급할 수 있기 때문이다. 다른 스트레스 요인들은 (예를 들어 매서운 추위나 건조한 환경) 증상들이 심하거나 더 빨리 나타나게 할 수 있다. 증상들은 설사, 두통, 피로, 저혈압, 그리고 지방을 섭취하는 것으로만 만족시킬 수 있는 애매한 허기를 포함한다.

건강한 식단은 단백질과 더불어 에너지를 공급해야 하는데, 살코기는 단백질은 많지만 열량 공급원으로는 미흡하다. 단백질을 소화하여 그중 일부를 포도당으로 만드는 데 에너지가 소모되며 포도당 생산량도 미미하기 때문이다. 열량의 3 분의 1 이상을 살코기에서 얻는 사람은 금방 ‘토끼 기아 rabbit starvation’를 겪는다. 이것은 초기 미국 탐사가들이 유일한 사냥감인 소형 동물로 연명하다 겪은 증상에서 유래했다.
19 살코기만 먹으면 열량이 부족하여 더 많은 고기를 먹게 되는데 이런 식으로는 굶주림을 해소할 수 없으며 결국 고기의 독성 때문에 몸이 상한다.
육류를 지나치게 섭취했을 때 독성이 생기는 이유는 단백질이 소화되면서 여분의 아미노산을 간이 미처 다 처리하지 못하기 때문이다. 간은 남는 아미노산을 요소로 바꿔 혈액으로 내보내고 신장에서 이를 처리하는데, 신장 또한 여분의 요소 때문에 과부하가 걸린다. 이 문제를 해결하는 방법은 식단에서 지방의 비중을 넉넉히 늘리는 것이다. 모자란 열량을 공급하여 포도당 수요를 보충함으로써 고기를 너무 많이 먹지 않고도 허기를 달랠 수 있기 때문이다. 이누이트족 성인이 동물만 먹고 살아갈 수 있는 이유는 이들이 먹는 북극의 포유류에 지방이 많이 들어 있기 때문이다. 하지만 아이들은 식물도 먹어야 한다. 문제는 사람속이 진화한 아프리카 사바나의 야생 동물이 지방은 거의 없이 살코기가 대부분이었다는 것이다. 이 때문에 대체로 채식주의자이던 조상에서 진화한 초기 사람속은 고양이처럼 육식에 적응한 진짜 육식동물처럼 무제한의 육류 섭취를 감당할 수 없었다. -- 먹고 사는 것의 자연사


Protein poisoning (also referred to colloquially as rabbit starvation, mal de caribou, or fat starvation) is a rare form of acute malnutrition thought to be caused by a near complete absence of fat in the diet.

Excess protein is sometimes cited as the cause of this condition, however when meat and fat are consumed in the correct ratio, such as that found in pemmican (which is 50% fat by volume), the diet is considered nutritionally complete and can support humans for months or more. Other stressors, such as severe cold or a dry environment, may intensify symptoms or decrease time to onset. Symptoms include diarrhea, headache, fatigue, low blood pressure, slow heart rate, and a vague discomfort and hunger (very similar to a food craving) that can be satisfied only by the consumption of fat.

Protein poisoning was first noted as a consequence of eating rabbit meat exclusively, hence the term, "rabbit starvation". Rabbit meat is very lean; commercial rabbit meat has 50–100 g dissectable fat per 2 kg (live weight). Based on a carcass yield of 60%, rabbit meat is around 8.3% fat[1] while beef and pork are 32% fat and lamb 28%.[2]

Given the lack of scientific data on the effects of high-protein diets, the US Food and Nutrition Board does not set a tolerable upper intake level nor upper acceptable macronutrient distribution range for protein.[3]

Observations
In U.S. Military Arctic Light Infantry Training (ALIT), it is taught that rabbit takes more vitamins to digest than it returns. It is recommended in survival situations to refrain from eating at all if rabbit is the only thing to eat.[citation needed] Though, instead of eating the meat (which consumes your fat and vitamins), you could simply boil the rabbit meat to extract the fat and some minerals and vitamins (some vitamins will be destroyed by temperature).

The Arctic explorer Vilhjalmur Stefansson, who experienced rabbit starvation himself, wrote:

The groups that depend on the blubber animals are the most fortunate in the hunting way of life, for they never suffer from fat-hunger. This trouble is worst, so far as North America is concerned, among those forest Indians who depend at times on rabbits, the leanest animal in the North, and who develop the extreme fat-hunger known as rabbit-starvation. Rabbit eaters, if they have no fat from another source—beaver, moose, fish—will develop diarrhea in about a week, with headache, lassitude and vague discomfort. If there are enough rabbits, the people eat till their stomachs are distended; but no matter how much they eat they feel unsatisfied. Some think a man will die sooner if he eats continually of fat-free meat than if he eats nothing, but this is a belief on which sufficient evidence for a decision has not been gathered in the North. Deaths from rabbit-starvation, or from the eating of other skinny meat, are rare; for everyone understands the principle, and any possible preventive steps are naturally taken.[4]

During the Greely Arctic Expedition 1881–1884, a harrowing experience of 25 expedition members, of whom 19 died, Stefansson refers to "'rabbit starvation' which is now to me the key to the Greely problem," which was why "only six came back." He concludes that one of the reasons for the many deaths was cannibalism of the lean flesh of members who had already died. Stefansson likens this to rabbit starvation, which he explains somewhat as in the above quoted observation.[citation needed]

Charles Darwin, in The Voyage of the Beagle, wrote:

We were here able to buy some biscuit. I had now been several days without tasting any thing besides meat: I did not at all dislike this new regimen; but I felt as if it would only have agreed with me with hard exercise. I have heard that patients in England, when desired to confine themselves exclusively to an animal diet, even with the hope of life before their eyes, have hardly been able to endure it. Yet the Gaucho in the Pampas, for months together, touches nothing but beef. But they eat, I observe, a very large proportion of fat, which is of a less animalized nature; and they particularly dislike dry meat, such as that of the agouti. Dr. Richardson, also, has remarked, “that when people have fed for a long time solely upon lean animal food, the desire for fat becomes so insatiable, that they can consume a large quantity of unmixed and even oily fat without nausea:” this appears to me a curious physiological fact. It is, perhaps, from their meat regimen that the Gauchos, like other carnivorous animals, can abstain long from food. I was told that at Tandeel, some troops voluntarily pursued a party of Indians for three days, without eating or drinking.[5]

In Into the Wild (1996), Jon Krakauer conjectured that Chris McCandless might have suffered from rabbit starvation.
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Protein toxicity

Protein toxicity occurs when the body is unable to get rid of the potentially toxic wastes that are generated as a result of protein metabolism, it may be also caused by chronic kidney disease.

Occurrence
Protein toxicity occurs when an individual with impaired kidney function consumes protein rich diet. Specifically proteins from animal sources that are rapidly absorbed into the blood stream and are rapidly metabolized causing the release of high concentration of toxic nitrogenous waste material.

Effects of a high protein diet
A high protein diet is a health concern for those suffering from renal disease. The main concern is that a high protein intake may promote further renal damage that can lead to protein toxicity. The physiological changes induced by an increased protein intake, such as an increased glomerular pressure and hyperfiltration, place further strain on already damaged kidneys. This strain can lead to proteins being inadequately metabolized and subsequently cause toxicity. A high protein diet can lead to complications for those with renal disease and has been linked to further progression of the disease. The well-known Nurse’s Health Study found a correlation between the loss of kidney function and an increased dietary intake of animal protein by patients who had already been diagnosed with renal disease.[1] This association suggests that a total protein intake that exceeds the recommendations may accelerate renal disease and lead to risk of protein toxicity within a diseased individual. For this reason, dietary protein restriction is a common treatment for patients with renal disease in which proteinuria is present. Protein restricted patients have been shown to have slower rates of progression of their renal diseases.[2]

Several studies, however, have found no evidence of protein toxicity due to high protein intakes on kidney function in healthy people. Diets that regularly exceed the recommendations for protein intake have been found to lead to an increased glomerular filtration rate in the kidneys and also have an effect on the hormone systems in the body. It is well established that these physiological effects are harmful to individuals with renal disease, but research has not found these responses to be detrimental to those who are healthy and demonstrate adequate renal activity. In people with healthy kidney function, the kidneys work continuously to excrete the by-products of protein metabolism which prevents protein toxicity from occurring. In response to an increased consumption of dietary protein, the kidneys maintain homeostasis within the body by operating at an increased capacity, producing a higher amount of urea and subsequently excreting it from the body. Although some have proposed that this increase in waste production and excretion will cause increased strain on the kidneys, other research has not supported this.[1] Currently, evidence suggests that changes in renal function that occur in response to an increased dietary protein intake are part of the normal adaptive system employed by the body to sustain homeostasis. In a healthy individual with well-functioning kidneys, there is no need for concern that an increased dietary protein intake will lead to protein toxicity and decreased renal function.

Symptoms
Unexplained vomiting and a loss of appetite are indicators of protein toxicity. If those two symptoms are accompanied by an ammonia quality on the breath the on-set of kidney failure is a likely culprit. People with kidney disease, who are not on dialysis, are advised to avoid consumption of protein if possible, as consuming too much accelerates the condition and can lead to death. Most of the problems stem from the accumulation of unfiltered toxins and wastes from protein metabolism.

Kidney function naturally declines with age due to the gradual loss of nephrons (filters) in the kidney. Therefore, a 90-year-old cannot safely consume the same amount of protein as a 20-year-old.

Common causes of chronic kidney disease include diabetes, heart disease, long term untreated high blood pressure,[3] as well as abuse of analgesics like ibuprofen, aspirin, and paracetamol.[4] Kidney disease like the polycystic kidney disease can be genetic in nature and progress as the patient ages.[5]