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What Are Aldehydes?
According to Wikpedia,¡°An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a terminal carbonyl group. This functional group consists of a carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom with a single covalent bond and an oxygen atom with a double bond. Thus the chemical formula for an aldehyde functional group is -CH=O, and the general formula for an aldehyde is R-CH=O. The aldehyde group is occasionally called the formyl or methanoyl group. Other classes of organic compounds containing carbonyl groups include ketones and carboxylic acids.¡±

Aldehydes are the result of partial oxidation and the moniker given to them is often derived from the name of the acid it forms. They are used in the manufacture of synthetic resins and for the creation of dyestuffs, flavorings, perfumes, and other chemicals. Some are utilized as preservatives and disinfectants.

Most Commonly Used Aldehydes In Perfumery

These composites incorporate a carbonyl functional group (C=0) and the carbon atom that is part of this group has two remaining bonds that can either contain some atoms that are hydrogen or an alkyl (hydrocarbon group). If at least one of these groups is hydrogen, the compound is an aldehyde. If neither is hydrogen, the compound in question is known as a ketone, which also has a pleasant odor and is frequently found in musky perfumes and colognes as well as food flavorings.

The Olfactory Prowess of Aldehydes
Our masters perfumers are well aware of the fragrant majesty rendered by aldehydes and they utilize them often in varying amounts. These organic compounds vary in smell. Those with a lower molecular weight really stink, resembling the malodors of rotting fruit. Those with a higher molecular weight on the other hand, often have very pleasant aromas. The aldehydes used by perfumers are known as aliphatic, or ¡°fatty,¡± and their scents can range from soapy to metallic, waxy to starchy and green to citrus (that elusive lemony scent in soaps and detergents).

The History and Myth Behind Aldehydes
It is often believed that the fragrance, Chanel No.5, which was created in 1921, was the very first aldehyde scent ever made. This is no more true, however, than the myth that Christopher Columbus was the first European to set foot in the New World back in 1492. (The Vikings, Amerigo Vespucci and others preceded him.) It was Coco Chanel¡¯s clever marketing that popularized the use of these precious compounds in her iconic scent and it sparked a revolution in the art of perfumery.

Technically, these chemical composites made their formal debut in 1905 when perfumer, Louis Armingeat, created Rêve D¡¯Or(Golden Dream). In 1906, the fragrance, Apres L¡¯Ondee, was introduced as the first to use Anisic Aldehyde, which is widely used today in many floral accords such as lilac, hawthorn, anise and honeysuckle.

Chanel No.5 may well have been a propitious mistake, for as the story goes, Ernest Beaux, who was Coco Chanel¡¯s perfumer, mistakenly added more aldehydes than she requested (almost 1%), but she loved the resulting overdose and it thus became part of her coveted formula.

Aldehydes And Chanel No 5

Her intention was to create a perfume that was the smell of a woman rather than flowers. She once said: ¡°Women do not want to smell of a bed of roses.¡± She went on to create Chanel No.22,which also contained a bunch of fatty aldehydes (C10, C11 and C12) that blended to create a citrus and floral note with a soapy quality. Many other perfumers followed suit with such classics as Lanvin¡¯s Arpege, Lagerfeld¡¯s Femme, Elizabeth Taylor White Diamonds and Estee Lauder¡¯s White Linen, just to name a very few.

Identifying Aromatic Aldehydes
While aromatic aldehydes have very complicated chemical structures, their smell helps to easily identify them. An aromatic aldehyde is defined as an amalgam containing the CHO radical, such as benzaldehyde, which has an odor profile reminiscent of almonds. Generally speaking, these chemical compounds provide a soapy-waxy-lemony-floral touch to a perfume formula.

Most Commonly Used Aldehydes In Perfumery
Perfume titans specialize in the creation of one-of-a-kind fragrances, many of which contain the following aldehydes. Generally speaking, perfumes using these organic compounds can be floral, fruity or citrus in nature. Fatty aldehydes contain between 8 and 13 carbon atoms in their molecular composition and have a very pleasant fruity or floral scent. They can be detected easily in very low concentrations. They are in reality a family of components that can be metallic, starchy, citrusy or waxy. The following are quite prevalent in modern perfume formulations:

C7
This compound renders a sharp, herbal and green aroma reminiscent of the fresh outdoors. Breezes waft through the mind¡¯s eye filled with the scent of flowers such as jasmine, rose, iris and lily-of-the-valley.

C8
This is an octanal compound, which means it is an aledehyde with the specific chemical formula CH3 (CH2)6CHO.This colorless, fragrant liquid with a fruit-like odor occurs naturally in citrus oils.Strongly suggestive of oranges and waxy citrus orange peel, this amalgam is a powerful fatty compound often found in lemon fragrances.

C9 Nonanal
This complex compound is also known as a nonanal, which is a clear brown liquid characterized by a rose-orange odor that isinsoluble in water and found in at least 20 essential oils. It is warm and mostly floral (rose and jasmine) with a waxy-cucumber nuance that in the right formulation can render a fragrance very fresh and clean. It is used extensively and carefully in perfume formulas in combination with other aldehydes. When higher levels are utilized, it is an important component in both citrus and rose notes, while in trace amounts, it adds to a wide array of fragrance types.

C10 Decanal
C-10 Decanal is an aldehyde with the specific formula C10H20O. An important component in citrus, this complicated composite is evocative of orange rind and lemons (Citral specifically, which is a naturally occurring mixture of two aldehydes containing the same formula but diverse structures.)

C11Undecanal
This 11-carbon aldehyde is complex, clean and naturally present in coriander leaf oil. Its chemical formula is C10H21CHO and its one-of-a-kind makeup conveys a bitter and fresh effect in formulations of colognes. The odor profile is pleasant, and comprised of slightly citrus (orange), fatty and waxy-floral  (rose) elements.

C12 Lauric — Dodecanal
This amalgam retains the chemical formula CH©ý(CH©ü)©û₀CHO. It is a colorless liquid that appears in many fragrances and occurs naturally in citrus oils. It is known for its intensity and differs from others of its ilk as it takes on different qualities depending on how it is used. In high concentrations, its odor profile is sweaty and metallic, but when it is diluted, floral (lilacs or violets) and herbaceous qualities come to light (and to nose). This organic compound also enhances the effects of musk in a scent. Aldehyde c-12mna =2-Methylundecanal is an organic compound that is found naturally in kumquat peel oil. It¡¯s scent is orange, herbaceous and ambergris-like. At high dilution it tastes a bit like nuts and honey. It is a colorless or pale yellow and is often used as a component in soaps, detergents, and perfumes.

C13 Tridecanal
Containing 13 carbon atoms with molecular formula C13H8ClFO, the odor profile of this aldehyde can be described as fresh, clean, soapy, citrus, waxy grapefruit peel. Its purpose is to provide watery, citrus, and floral notes to many diverse types of fragrances.

C14 Undecane
This flavorful amalgam is commonly known as the peach aldehyde, although technically it falls into the category of a lactone. (This is an organic compound containing an ester, which is a composite derived from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.)It has a sweet, fruity peach odor profile and is widely used in perfume compositions, albeit in small amounts, as it is a very powerful compound.

So-Called Aldehyde C16
The molecular formula for this sweet, fruity strawberry scent reminiscent of candy is C12H14O3.A secondary, floral-honey nuance flows through the aroma, rendering it as ideal for floral compositions, like jasmine and rose, as well as those with strong fruity tones. It adds a quality of warmth to any fragrance and reinforces particularly top and woody notes. According to Wikipedia, ¡°Ethyl methylphenylglycidate, commonly known as ¡°so-called aldehyde c-16¡±and also as ¡°strawberry aldehyde¡±, is an organic compound used in the flavor industry in artificial fruit flavors, in particular strawberry.¡±

C18
This creamy, buttery coconut compound has the chemical formula CH3CH©üCHO, and is also known as Gamma-Nonalactone. According to Arctander: ¡°This is one of the most frequently used lactones in perfumes and in tropical flavors. Its field of application ranges from the finest luxury perfumes to the inexpensive masking of odors¡¦ from gardenia flower bases to coconut candy flavors. Its intense sweetness and tenacity is often utilized along with that of Undecanolide (Aldehyde C-14) in Gardenia, Tuberose, Honeysuckle, Stephanotis, Plumeria, Jasmine and many other heavy floral types.¡±

Schiffs Bases
Schiff¡¯s bases are made from combining fragrance aldehydes with methyl anthranilate, creating unique reactions, thereby creating unique aromas. Methyl anthranilate both as a component of various natural essential oils and as a synthesised aroma-chemical is used extensively in modern perfumery and many of which are also used in the perfumery field. Quoting a recent article in Perfumers World, ¡°In a perfumery context the most common Schiff¡¯s Base is known as aurantiol, produced by combining methyl anthranilate. Aurantiol (Methyl Anthranilate Schiff¡¯s Base) is neroli orange muguet grape sweet heavy floral orange-blossom narcotic florals orangeflower honeysuckle.¡±