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- ¹°ÀÇ ³¿»õ : Áö¿À½º¹Î

- GeosminÀº Greek for "earth odour"¿¡¼­ À¯·¡

- 2-MIB, Áö¿À½º¹Î ¸ðµÎ ÅÍÅÙ¿¡¼­ ÇÕ¼ºµÈ ¹°Áú
It is formed by microorganisms in the soil, particularly Streptomyces. Although the smell of geosmin was first identified in 1891, the isolation and structure of the geosmin molecule responsible for it was only reported in 1965, and its synthesis in 1968. It is even more recently that its biosynthesis has been understood. Geosmin biosynthesis begins in farnesyldiphosphate (FPP), a key building block in sterol and sesquiterpene biosynthesis. An enzyme called germacradienol-geosmin synthase (GGS) contains two very similar catalytic domains. One domain converts FPP into germacradienol, which diffuses into the second domain close by, where the conversion to geosmin is completed.
colourless liquid, with a boiling point of 270¡ÆC.


2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB)

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natural (-) form has a significantly stronger smell. ÇÕ¼ºÀ¸·Î´Â (+)Çüµµ ¸¸µé¼ö Àִµ¥ ÀÌ°ÍÀº 11¹è³ª °­µµ°¡ ¾àÇÏ´Ù

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acid destroys it; it has also been found that photocatalysts based on titanium dioxide (TiO2) can also destroy water-borne geosmin.



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Geosmin (and also 2-methylisoborneol , which also has an undesireable taste) is often responsible for unpleasant tastes in water supplies. Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and actinobacteria release geosmin when they die, and this can be absorbed by bottom-feeding freshwater fish. This is a particular problem in parts of the United States, giving off-flavours to fish (particularly catfish (photo, below), carp and mullet) and clams. Geosmin is made odourless by acid, so these fish are often eaten with lemon, leading to recipes like clam chowder with lemon zest, blackened Cajun catfish or grilled catfish with lemon juice.
Geosmin is a major contributor to the smell and flavour of beetroot, a variety of Beta vulgaris. Not everyone likes the smell, and since geosmin levels vary between cultivars, selective breeding can produce varieties with a bland taste designed to appeal to mass markets.
Geosmin and the related molecule dehydrogeosmin (structure, right) are responsible for the musty smell of some plants, especially certain cacti.
In recent years, notably 2002, French wine growers have been concerned about the presence of a rather musty smell in some young wines, which was quite distinct from the usual "musty cork" smell due to 2,4,6-trichloroanisole. Geosmin was identified as the culprit in these wines using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, specifically the (-) isomer. Corks or the wood of barrels were excluded as the source of the geosmin, as the wines had been stored in stainless steel containers or bottles with metal stoppers. Geosmin was then detected in some grape juices prior to fermentation, and it transpired that geosmin was formed on rotten grapes through the combined action of both the Botyris cinerea and Penicillium expansum fungi

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Professor Keith Chater, of the John Innes Centre in Norwich (UK), was a member of the team that in 2002 sequenced the genome (8000 genes) in Streptomyces coelicolor A3, a bacterium that produces many chemicals, including geosmin. In the following year he reported identifying a protein domain needed for biosynthesis of geosmin. He has suggested that camels can detect the smell of geosmin that had been released by Streptomyces miles away in wet ground, and track the geosmin to find an oasis; in return the camel could carry away and disperse the spores of the Streptomyces bacterium.

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Magligalig et al. demonstrated how quickly water taints can be transferred to fish muscle. They found an exposure of 10 min to 15 ppm 2-pentanone or dimethyl sulfide resulted in significant taint. Recent work by Jirawan and Athapol [26] on the tainting of Nile tilapia by geosmin showed that this earthy taint is acquired in less than two hours when fish are placed in water containing only 5 ng/l geosmin. The fish had to be held in clean water at least 16 days to then eliminate this taint. This very rapid absorption of odorants makes fish very susceptible to picking up taints from their environment.