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GM : ±¸¿¬»ê

- GM ¹Ì»ý¹° °³¹ß ¹× È°¿ë
- GM ¹Ì»ý¹° : ±¸¿¬»ê »ý»ê

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- Æ®¸³½Å ÀúÇØÁ¦(Trypsin inhibitor)
- glufosinate, ±Û·çŸ¹Î ÇÕ¼ºÈ¿¼Ò ÀúÇØ
- ±Û¸®Æ÷¼¼ÀÌÆ® EPSP ÀúÇØ
- ¼Ò¸£ºó»ê º¸Á¸·á ÀÛ¿ë±âÀÛ

ÀúÇØÁ¦ inhibitor
ÀÚ¿¬µ¶ : Ç׿µ¾ç¼Ò
- ¸®Ä¡ÀÇ µ¶¼º : MCPG, ¾ÆÀ̵éÀÇ Àǹ®»ç
- ¾Æº¸Ä«µµÀÇ µ¶¼º

- Áö¹æ»êÀÇ ÇÕ¼º , ÃàÀû, Áö¹æ´ë»ç : ºÐÇØ


°¡¸£½Ã´Ï¾Æ įº¸Áö¾Æ´Â Àεµ µî µ¿³²¾Æ½Ã¾Æ°¡ ¿ø»êÁö´Ù. °¡¸£½Ã´Ï¾Æ įº¸Áö¾Æ ÃßÃâ¹°Àº °¡¸£½Ã´Ï¾Æ įº¸Áö¾Æ ¿­¸ÅÀÇ ²®Áú¿¡¼­ ¸¸µç´Ù. ²®Áú¿¡ ÀÖ´Â HCA(È÷µå·Ï½Ã½ÃÆ®¸¯»ê, hydroxycitric acid)°¡ À¯È¿¼ººÐÀ̶󼭴Ù. ¸»¸° ²®ÁúÀÇ ÃßÃâ¹°¿¡´Â 50~60%ÀÇ HCA°¡ µé¾î ÀÖ´Ù. HCA´Â ź¼öÈ­¹°ÀÌ Áö¹æÀ¸·Î ÇÕ¼ºµÇ´Âµ¥ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ È¿¼Ò(citrate lyase)ÀÇ ÀÛ¿ëÀ» ¸·¾Æ Áö¹æ ÃàÀûÀ» ÁÙ¿©ÁØ´Ù. ½Ä»ç 30ºÐ~1½Ã°£ Àü¿¡ ¼·ÃëÇÏ´Â °Ô ÁÁÀºµ¥ 2½Ã°£ Àü±îÁöµµ ±¦Âú´Ù. ½ÄÇ°ÀǾàÇ°¾ÈÀüó¿¡¼­ Á¦½ÃÇÏ´Â ÇÏ·ç ¼·Ãë·®Àº HCA ±âÁØÀ¸·Î 750~2800mgÀÌ´Ù.

 

ATP citrate lyase is the primary enzyme responsible for the synthesis of cytosolic acetyl-CoA in many tissues. The enzyme is a tetramer of apparently identical subunits. The product, acetyl-CoA, in animals serves several important biosynthetic pathways, including lipogenesis and cholesterogenesis.[4] It is activated by insulin.[5] In plants, ATP citrate lyase generates the acetyl-CoA for cytosolically-synthesized metabolites. (Acetyl-CoA is not transported across subcellular membranes of plants.) These include: elongated fatty acids (used in seed oils, membrane phospholipids, the ceramide moiety of sphingolipids, cuticle, cutin, and suberin); flavonoids; malonic acid; acetylated phenolics, alkaloids, isoprenoids, anthocyanins, and sugars; and, mevalonate-derived isoprenoids (e.g., sesquiterpenes, sterols, brassinosteroids); malonyl and acyl-derivatives (d-amino acids, malonylated flavonoids, acylated, prenylated and malonated proteins).[3] De novo fatty acid biosynthesis in plants is plastidic, thus ATP citrate lyase is not important for this pathway.

citrate + ATP + CoA ¡æ oxaloacetate + Acetyl-CoA + ADP + Pi



THE PROCESS: How Citric Acid is Synthesized from Genetically Modified Black Mold

Citric acid production has become a refined and highly prized industrial process. Numerous scientific studies discuss revisions and improvements to the efficiency. But there are definitely some constants to this often competitive and secretive process:

– Engineering the mold: Aspergillus niger is a naturally occurring black mold that commonly appears on fruits and vegetables, as pictured on the onion above (source: S.K. Mohan, Creative Commons license). However, significant modification of A. niger has taken place over the past several decades to increase production of citric acid and decrease the production of unwanted byproducts. This has resulted in countless generations of genetically modified mutant variants, now specialized for industrial-scale economics. Two of the main types of modification are:

• Gamma radiation has been used to modify strains of A. niger mutants, resulting in multiplied or increased production through genetic improvement.
• Further genetic modification in the lab has taken place through the engineering of the glycolytic pathway, resulting in a metabolic-streamlining that facilitates greater citric acid production from sugar, while shutting off side avenues of glycolysis.

Further genetic modification and ¡°improvement¡± of A. niger are an object of ongoing study and industrial practice.

– Producing the Sugar Medium: Nearly all industrial citric acid begins with a highly processed glucose corn syrup that is derived from corn wet milling (other parts of the corn residues go to other processes). Other industrial sources include beet sugar and cane molasses, and occasionally also fruit waste.

But it¡¯s hard to beat the economics of subsidized corn – the vast majority of which is the unlabeled, genetically modified, high starch (yellow dent #2) variety – that can synergistically contribute to ingredients like citric acid as well as ingredients like high fructose corn syrup, dextrose (corn sugar), maltodextrin, corn oil, corn meal, ascorbic acid (labeled as Vitamin C), MSG and other free glutamates (such as ¡®hydrolyzed vegetable protein¡¯), malic acid, baking powder, vanilla, xantham gum and perhaps hundreds of others. Oftentimes, hydrochloric acid is employed in the corn-conversion process.




" ´ÙÀ̾îÆ® ½ÄÇ° °¡¸£½Ã´Ï¾Æ, ºÎÀÛ¿ëµµ ½Å°æ½á¾ß "

2018.06.29

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