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»ö¼Ò ¡í ¹ß»ö,Ç¥¹é ¡í ÁÖ·ù ¡í ¿ÍÀÎ

Ȳ»ê : H2SO4 üÜß« / Sulfuric Acid

ȲÇÔÀ¯ ¿µ¾ç¼Ò
- Ȳ Sulfur ´ë»ç- H2S Ȳȭ¼ö¼Ò - ½Å°æÀü´Þ¹°Áú
- ¸ÞÄ¡¿À´Ñ methionine
- Cysteine
- Glutatione : cysteine+glutamate+glycine
- ¾ËÆÄ ¸®Æ÷»ê

»ê¹Ì·á Á¾·ù
- ¿°»ê, Áú»ê, Ȳ»ê, Àλê, ź»ê
- ¿ÍÀÎ : ½ÅÀÇ ¸¶ÄÉÆÃ
- ¾ÆȲ»ê
- ¾ÆȲ»ê : ¿ÍÀο¡ Çʼö

Sulfuric acid is a very important commodity chemical, and indeed, a nation's sulfuric acid production is a good indicator of its industrial strength.[8] World production in the year 2004 was about 180 million tonnes, with the following geographic distribution: Asia 35%, North America (including Mexico) 24%, Africa 11%, Western Europe 10%, Eastern Europe and Russia 10%, Australia and Oceania 7%, South America 7%.[28] Most of this amount (≈60%) is consumed for fertilizers, particularly superphosphates, ammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfates. About 20% is used in chemical industry for production of detergents, synthetic resins, dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals, petroleum catalysts, insecticides and antifreeze, as well as in various processes such as oil well acidicizing, aluminium reduction, paper sizing, water treatment. About 6% of uses are related to pigments and include paints, enamels, printing inks, coated fabrics and paper, and the rest is dispersed into a multitude of applications such as production of explosives, cellophane, acetate and viscose textiles, lubricants, non-ferrous metals, and batteries.[29]

The study of vitriol, a category of glassy minerals from which the acid can be derived, began in ancient times. Sumerians had a list of types of vitriol that they classified according to the substances' color. Some of the earliest discussions on the origin and properties of vitriol is in the works of the Greek physician Dioscorides (first century AD) and the Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD). Galen also discussed its medical use. Metallurgical uses for vitriolic substances were recorded in the Hellenistic alchemical works of Zosimos of Panopolis, in the treatise Phisica et Mystica, and the Leyden papyrus X.[31]
Medieval Islamic era alchemists, Jābir ibn Hayyān (c. 721 – c. 815 AD, also known as Geber), Razi (865 – 925 AD), and Jamal Din al-Watwat (d. 1318, wrote the book Mabāhij al-fikar wa-manāhij al-'ibar), included vitriol in their mineral classification lists. Ibn Sina focused on its medical uses and different varieties of vitriol.[31] Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (854–925) is credited with being the first to produce sulfuric acid.[32][33]
Sulfuric acid was called "oil of vitriol" by medieval European alchemists because it was prepared by roasting "green vitriol" (iron(II) sulfate) in an iron retort. There are references to it in the works of Vincent of Beauvais and in the Compositum de Compositis ascribed to Saint Albertus Magnus. A passage from Pseudo-Geber¢¥s Summa Perfectionis was long considered to be a recipe for sulfuric acid, but this was a misinterpretation.[31]
In the seventeenth century, the German-Dutch chemist Johann Glauber prepared sulfuric acid by burning sulfur together with saltpeter (potassium nitrate, KNO3), in the presence of steam. As saltpeter decomposes, it oxidizes the sulfur to SO3, which combines with water to produce sulfuric acid. In 1736, Joshua Ward, a London pharmacist, used this method to begin the first large-scale production of sulfuric acid.
In 1746 in Birmingham, John Roebuck adapted this method to produce sulfuric acid in lead-lined chambers, which were stronger, less expensive, and could be made larger than the previously used glass containers. This process allowed the effective industrialization of sulfuric acid production. After several refinements, this method, called the lead chamber process or "chamber process", remained the standard for sulfuric acid production for almost two centuries.[3]
Sulfuric acid created by John Roebuck's process approached a 65% concentration. Later refinements to the lead chamber process by French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and British chemist John Glover improved concentration to 78%. However, the manufacture of some dyes and other chemical processes require a more concentrated product. Throughout the 18th century, this could only be made by dry distilling minerals in a technique similar to the original alchemical processes. Pyrite (iron disulfide, FeS2) was heated in air to yield iron(II) sulfate, FeSO4, which was oxidized by further heating in air to form iron(III) sulfate, Fe2(SO4)3, which, when heated to 480 ¡ÆC, decomposed to iron(III) oxide and sulfur trioxide, which could be passed through water to yield sulfuric acid in any concentration. However, the expense of this process prevented the large-scale use of concentrated sulfuric acid.[3]
In 1831, British vinegar merchant Peregrine Phillips patented the contact process, which was a far more economical process for producing sulfur trioxide and concentrated sulfuric acid. Today, nearly all of the world's sulfuric acid is produced using this method.[34]

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ºÐ¼®È­ÇÐ µîÀ» ÅëÇØ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖµíÀÌ, Ȳ»êÀº 1Â÷ ÀÌ¿ÂÈ­µµ(pKa~10)¿Í 2Â÷ ÀÌ¿ÂÈ­µµ(pKa2=1.9)ÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ°¡ Å©´Ù. ¿ì¸®°¡ º¸Åë °­»êÀ¸·Î ¾Ë°í Àִ Ȳ»êÀÇ ÀÌ¿ÂÈ­´Â Ȳ»ê(H2SO4)¿¡¼­ Ȳ»ê¼ö¼ÒÀÌ¿Â(HSO4-)À¸·Î °¡´Â ù¹ø° ÀÌ¿ÂÈ­À̸ç, Ȳ»ê¼ö¼ÒÀÌ¿ÂÀÌ È²»êÀÌ¿Â(SO42-)À¸·Î °¡´Â 2Â÷ ÀÌ¿ÂÈ­´Â pKa°¡ 1~2Á¤µµ·Î pH 1 ÀÌÇÏ¿¡¼­´Â ÀÌ¿ÂÈ­°¡ °ÅÀÇ ¾ÈµÈ´Ù.

S+O2 ¡æ SO2
2SO2 + O2 ¡æ 2SO3
SO3+H2O ¡æH2SO4
Ȳ(S)À» »êÈ­½ÃÄѼ­ ÀÌ»êȭȲ(SO2)¸¦ ¸¸µç´Ù. ÀÌÈÄ ÀÌ ÀÌ»êȭȲÀ» »êÈ­½ÃÄѼ­ »ï»êȭȲ(SO3)À» ¸¸µé°í, ÀÌ »ï»êȭȲÀ» ¹°(H2O)¿¡ ¹ÝÀÀ½ÃÅ°¸é Ȳ»ê(H2SO4)ÀÌ µÈ´Ù.

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