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ÀλêÈ­ kinase : ´ë»çÀÇ ½ÃÀÛ

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- ÀλêÈ­ Kinase

In chemistry, phosphorylation of a molecule is the attachment of a phosphoryl group. Together with its counterpart, dephosphorylation, it is critical for many cellular processes in biology. Phosphorylation is especially important for protein function; for example, this modification activates (or deactivates) almost half of the enzymes present in yeast, thereby regulating their function.[1][2][3] Many proteins (between 1/3 to 2/3 of the proteome in eukaryotes[4][5]) are phosphorylated temporarily, as are many sugars, lipids, and other molecules.

Protein phosphorylation is considered the most abundant post-translational modification in eukaryotes. Phosphorylation can occur on serine, threonine and tyrosine side chains (often called 'residues') through phosphoester bond formation, on histidine, lysine and arginine through phosphoramidate bonds, and on aspartic acid and glutamic acid through mixed anhydride linkages. Recent evidence confirms widespread histidine phosphorylation at both the 1 and 3 N-atoms of the imidazole ring[14][15] Recent work from 2017 (preprinted at BioRxiv) suggests widespread human protein phosphorylation on multiple non-canonical amino acids, including motifs containing phosphorylated histidine, aspartate, glutamate, arginine and lysine in HeLa cell extracts. Due to the chemical lability of these phosphorylated residues, and in marked contrast to Ser, Thr and Tyr phosphorylation, the analysis of phosphorylated histidine using standard biochemical and mass spectrometric approaches is much more challenging[16][17] and special procedures and separation techniques are required for their preservation alongside classical Ser, Thr and Tyr phosphorylation.[18]
The prominent role of protein phosphorylation in biochemistry is illustrated by the huge body of studies published on the subject (as of March 2015, the MEDLINE database returns over 240,000 articles, mostly on protein phosphorylation).

Å°³×À̽º(Kinase, Å°³ª¾ÆÁ¦), ¶Ç´Â ÀλêÈ­È¿¼Ò(×òß«ûùý£áÈ)´Â ATP¿Í °°Àº °í¿¡³ÊÁö ÁÖ°³ ºÐÀÚÀÇ Àλê±â¸¦ ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ±âÁú¿¡ Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â ÀλêÈ­¹ÝÀÀÀ» Ã˸ÅÇÏ´Â È¿¼ÒÀÌ´Ù. ÀλêÈ­È¿¼Ò´Â ÀλêÀü´ÞÈ¿¼Ò(phosphotransferase)Á·ÀÇ ÇÑ ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù. ÀλêÈ­È¿¼Ò´Â ¹«±â Àλê±â¸¦ ¹Þ°³¿¡ ºÎ°¡ÇÏ´Â ¹ÝÀÀÀ» ¸Å°³ÇÏ´Â °¡ÀλêºÐÇØÈ¿¼Ò(phosphorylase)³ª, Àλê±â¸¦ Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Â ¹ÝÀÀÀ» ¸Å°³ÇÏ´Â Àλ갡¼öºÐÇØÈ¿¼Ò(phosphatase)¿Í ±¸ºÐÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ´Ü¹éÁú, ÁöÁú ¶Ç´Â ź¼öÈ­¹°Àº ÀλêÈ­ »óÅ¿¡ µû¶ó È°¼º, ¹ÝÀÀ¼º, ´Ù¸¥ ºÐÀÚ¿Í °áÇÕÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´É·Â µîÀÌ º¯È­ÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ÀλêÈ­È¿¼Ò´Â ¹°Áú´ë»ç, ¼¼Æ÷°£ ½ÅÈ£Àü´Þ(cell signaling), ´Ü¹éÁú Á¶Àý(protein regulation), ¼¼Æ÷ ¼ö¼Û, ºÐºñ ¹× ±× ¹Û¿¡ ¼ö¸¹Àº ¼¼Æ÷¹ÝÀÀ°æ·Î¿¡ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù.

1954³â Áø Äɳ׵ð(Gene Kennedy)°¡ Ä«Á¦ÀÎ(casein)À» ÀλêÈ­ÇÏ´Â °£ È¿¼Ò¸¦ ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ È¿¼Ò°¡ ATP¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ´Ù¸¥ ´Ü¹éÁúÀ» ÀλêÈ­ÇÏ´Â ¹ÝÀÀÀ» Ã˸ÅÇÏ´Â È¿¼Ò·Î¼­ ÃÖÃÊ·Î ±â·ÏµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 1956³â¿¡ ¿¡µå¸Õµå ÇǼÅ(Edmond H. Fischer)¿Í ¿¡µåÀ© Å©·¹ºê½º(Edwin G. Krebs)´Â °¡ÀλêºÐÇØÈ¿¼Ò a¿Í °¡ÀλêºÐÇØÈ¿¼Ò b »çÀÌÀÇ »óÈ£ º¯È¯ÀÌ ÀλêÈ­¿Í Å»ÀλêÈ­¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¸Å°³µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿´´Ù.[2] °¡ÀλêºÐÇØÈ¿¼Ò b·Î Àλê±â¸¦ Àü´ÞÇÏ¿© °¡ÀλêºÐÇØÈ¿¼Ò a·Î ÀüȯÇÏ´Â ÀλêÈ­È¿¼Ò´Â °¡ÀλêºÐÇØÈ¿¼Ò ÀλêÈ­È¿¼Ò·Î ¸í¸íµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¸î ³â ÈÄ¿¡ ÀλêÈ­È¿¼Ò¸¦ ÅëÇÑ ½ÅÈ£Àü´Þ°æ·ÎÀÇ Ã¹ ¿¹½Ã·Î¼­ ´Ü¹éÁú ÀλêÈ­È¿¼Ò A(PKA)°¡ °¡ÀλêºÐÇØÈ¿¼Ò ÀλêÈ­È¿¼Ò¸¦ ÀλêÈ­ÇÑ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ ¹àÇôÁ³´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ PKA°¡ ±Û¸®ÄÚ°Õ ÇÕ¼ºÈ¿¼Ò(glycogen synthase)¸¦ ÀúÇØÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Ë·ÁÁ³À¸¸ç, ÀÌ´Â ÀλêÈ­¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© ÀúÇØ ÀÛ¿ëÀ» ÇÏ´Â ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ¿¹½ÃÀÌ´Ù. 1969³â¿¡ ·¹½ºÅÍ ¸®µå(Lester Reed)´Â ÇÇ·çºê»ê Å»¼ö¼ÒÈ¿¼Ò°¡ ÀλêÈ­µÇ¾î ºÒÈ°¼ºÈ­µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹àÇô³»¾î, ÀλêÈ­°¡ ±Û¸®ÄÚ°Õ ´ë»ç»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´Ù¸¥ ´ë»ç °æ·Î¿¡µµ Á¶Àý ÀÛ¿ëÀ» ÇÑ´Ù´Â ´Ü¼­¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ¿´´Ù.[3] °°Àº ÇØ¿¡ Åè ·©°Ç(Tom Langan)Àº PKA°¡ È÷½ºÅæ H1À» ÀλêÈ­Çϸç, È¿¼Ò°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ ´Ü¹éÁúµµ ÀλêÈ­¸¦ ÅëÇØ Á¶ÀýµÈ´Ù°í Á¦±âÇÏ¿´´Ù.[4] 1970³â´ë¿¡ Ä®¸ðµâ¸° ÀÇÁ¸¼º ´Ü¹éÁú ÀλêÈ­È¿¼Ò°¡ ¹ß°ßµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ´Ü¹éÁúÀº ÇϳªÀÇ ¾Æ¹Ì³ë»ê Àܱâ ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î ÀλêÈ­µÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½ÀÌ ¾Ë·ÁÁ³´Ù. 1990³â´ë¿¡ µé¾î¼­ MAPK/ERK °æ·Î, JAK ÀλêÈ­È¿¼Ò(Ƽ·Î½Å ÀλêÈ­È¿¼ÒÁ·), ±×¸®°í PIP3 ÀÇÁ¸¼º ÀλêÈ­È¿¼Ò ½ÅÈ£Àü´Þ°æ·Î µîÀÌ °è¼ÓÇؼ­ ¹àÇôÁ³´Ù.

ÀλêÈ­È¿¼Ò´Â ±âÁú¿¡ µû¶ó ´Ü¹éÁú ÀλêÈ­È¿¼Ò, ÁöÁú ÀλêÈ­È¿¼Ò, ź¼öÈ­¹° ÀλêÈ­È¿¼Ò µî ´Ù¾çÇÑ ±×·ìÀ¸·Î ³ª´¶´Ù. ÀλêÈ­È¿¼Ò´Â ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ¿¡¼­ °õÆÎÀÌ, °ïÃæ, Æ÷À¯·ù¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¾¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù.[5] Àΰ£¿¡°Ô¼­´Â 500°³ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ÀλêÈ­È¿¼Ò°¡ ¹ß°ßµÇ¾ú´Ù.[6] ´Ü¹éÁú ÀλêÈ­È¿¼Ò´Â Á¾Á¾ ´Ù¼öÀÇ ±âÁúÀ» °¡Áö±âµµ ÇÏ°í, ¶§¶§·Î ´Ü¹éÁúÀÌ Çϳª ÀÌ»óÀÇ ÀλêÈ­È¿¼Ò¿¡ ±âÁú·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ¶§¹®¿¡ ´Ü¹éÁú ÀλêÈ­È¿¼Ò´Â ½º½º·ÎÀÇ È°¼ºÀ» Á¶ÀýÇÏ´Â ÀÎÀÚ¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ¸í¸íÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î Ä®¸ðµâ¸° ÀÇÁ¸¼º ´Ü¹éÁú ÀλêÈ­È¿¼Ò´Â Ä®¸ðµâ¸°ÀÇ Á¶ÀýÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù. ¶§¶§·Î ±×µéÀº ÇϺΠ±×·ìÀ¸·Î ³ª´µ´Âµ¥ ÀÌ´Â µ¿À§È¿¼ÒÀÇ Á¸Àç ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î Á¦ 1Çü ¹× Á¦ 2Çü °í¸®Çü AMP ÀÇÁ¸¼º ´Ü¹éÁú ÀλêÈ­È¿¼Ò´Â µ¿ÀÏÇÑ È¿¼Ò ¼Ò´ÜÀ§·Î ±¸¼ºµÇÁö¸¸ ´Ù¸¥ Á¶Àý ¼Ò´ÜÀ§°¡ °í¸®Çü AMP¿¡ °áÇÕÇÏ¿© Á¶ÀýµÈ´Ù.[7]

ÀλêÈ­È¿¼Ò´Â °í¿¡³ÊÁöºÐÀÚ, ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î ATP¿Í °°Àº ºÐÀÚÀÇ Àλê ÀÛ¿ë±â¸¦ ±âÁú ºÐÀÚ·Î ¿Å±â´Â ¹ÝÀÀÀ» ¸Å°³ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ¹ÝÀÀ¿¡´Â °í¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ °¡Áö´Â Àλ깫¼ö°áÇÕÀÌ °ü¿©Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ÀλêÈ­È¿¼Ò´Â Àλ깫¼ö°áÇÕÀ» ¾ÈÁ¤È­ÇÏ´Â ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù. ÀλêÈ­È¿¼Ò´Â ±âÁú°ú Àλê±â¸¦ È°¼º ÀÚ¸®¿¡ ÀûÀýÇÏ°Ô ¹è¿­ÇÏ¿© ¹ÝÀÀ ¼Óµµ¸¦ ³ôÀδÙ. À½ÀüÇϸ¦ ¶í Àλê±â¿Í »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ¿© ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ÀüÀÌ»óÅ´ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ °æ¿ì ¾çÀüÇϸ¦ ¶í ¾Æ¹Ì³ë»êÀ» ÅëÇØ Á¤Àü±âÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ÈÁ¤È­µÈ´Ù. ¸î¸î ÀλêÈ­È¿¼Ò´Â ±Ý¼Ó º¸Á¶ÀÎÀÚ¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© Àλê±â¿Í ¹èÀ§°áÇÕÇÑ´Ù.

ÀλêÈ­È¿¼Ò´Â ¼¼Æ÷³» ½ÅÈ£Àü´Þ(signal transduction)¿¡ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡°í ¼¼Æ÷ ³»ºÎÀÇ º¹ÀâÇÑ ±âÀÛµéÀ» Á¶ÀýÇÑ´Ù. ¾î¶² ºÐÀÚ´Â ÀλêÈ­¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© È°¼ºÀÌ °­È­µÇ°Å³ª ÀúÇصǸç, ´Ù¸¥ ºÐÀÚ¿Í »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ´Â ´É·ÂÀÌ Á¶ÀýµÈ´Ù. ¸¹Àº ÀλêÈ­È¿¼Ò°¡ ȯ°æ Á¶°ÇÀ̳ª ½ÅÈ£¿¡ µû¶ó ¹ÝÀÀÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ¼¼Æ÷´Â »óȲ¿¡ µû¶ó ¼¼Æ÷ ³»ÀÇ ºÐÀÚ¸¦ ÅëÁ¦ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀλêÈ­È¿¼Ò¿¡ ±â´ÉÀ» »ó½ÇÇÏ´Â µ¹¿¬º¯À̳ª ±â´ÉÀ» ¾ò´Â µ¹¿¬º¯ÀÌ°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÏ¸é ¾Ï[8] À̳ª ±âŸ Áúº´À» À¯¹ßÇÑ´Ù. »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô´Â ƯÁ¤ Á¾·ùÀÇ ¹éÇ÷º´°ú ½Å°æÁ¾(neuroblastoma), ô¼ö¼Ò³ú¼º ¿îµ¿½ÇÁ¶(spinocerebellar ataxia type 14), ¹«°¨¸¶±Û·ÎºÒ¸°Ç÷Áõ(agammaglobulinaemia) µî[9] ÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵȴÙ.



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