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Myostatin (also known as growth differentiation factor 8, abbreviated GDF-8) is a myokine, a protein produced and released by myocytes that acts on muscle cells' autocrine function to inhibit myogenesis: muscle cell growth and differentiation. In humans it is encoded by the MSTN gene. Myostatin is a secreted growth differentiation factor that is a member of the TGF beta protein family

 


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Potential targets for gene doping

Growth hormone (GH) : Growth hormone has a multitude of effect on the body associated with growth it has stimulatory effect on carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism , and a possible anabolic effect on muscle proteins. G.H as an anabolic agent in connective tissue in human skeletal muscle and tendon Recombinant G.H is already used as a doping agent in sports.

Erythropoietin (Epo) : In future genes may be altered in a way that mimics the natural mutation that causes an increase in amount of red blood cells possessed by the person and thus increasing the amount of oxygen carried to the tissues. This may be accomplished by inserting an additional copy of a gene into a person to boost production of the hormone erythropoietin (Epo). This hormone instructs the body to manufacture new red blood cells, which, in turn, increases aerobic capacity.

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) : The techniques to strengthen muscles are being developed to help people with degenerative muscle conditions such as muscular dystrophy. This technique targets specific muscles. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) is made in the liver as well as muscle and has anabolic effects. Its concentration is related to the concentration of growth hormone (GH).  IGF-1 gives rise to an increase in muscle bulk in mice injected with the gene.Extending this treatment to athletes could mean strengthening a tennis player¡¯s shoulder muscles, a sprinter¡¯s calves or a boxer¡¯s biceps. Such gene therapy is likely to be relatively safe given that the effects seem to be localized to the targeted muscle. Combining IGF-1 with other growth factors or with strength based training programmes may lead to even greater responses in muscle growth.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) : Genes may also be used to help grow new blood vessels. This therapy is being developed to produce a coronary bypass in patients with ischaemic heart disease and may help elderly people with peripheral arterial disease, in which the death of tissues in the body¡¯s extremities occurs because of inadequate oxygen supply. The gene encoding vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or other factors may turn on the formation of new vessels.

Myostatin : Myostatin is a negative regulator of muscle formation. It is synthesized by muscle cells itacts either auto- or paracrine in heart and skeletal muscle. Myostatin inhibitors are advertised to boost muscle size without exercising.

Endorphins : Muscular exhaustion leads to hyperacidity because it uses up so much energy and prevents the detoxication of the lactic acid which causes pain. Pain relief could potentially help athletes to perform better or for a longer period of time. Most athletes will use an over-the-counter pain reliever at some time. These drugs, in fact, are some of the most widely used drugs. An alternative to these chemical drugs could be analgesic peptides such as endorphins and enkephalins. The genes encoding for these peptides could be administered and may be used for pain relief.






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