Login ¡¡ ¢· ¢¹ ¡¡ Mobile II
Hint Food ¸À°úÇâ Diet Health ºÒ·®Áö½Ä ÀÚ¿¬°úÇÐ My Book À¯Æ©ºê Frims ¿ø ·á Á¦ Ç° Update Site

µ¶/¾à ¡í õ¿¬µ¶ ¡í ½Ä¹°µ¶ ¡í ½Ä¹°

½Ä¹°µ¶ : Pyrrolizidine alkaloids

½Ä¹°ÀÇ µ¶
- ¥â-Thujone
- Prussic acid
- Hypericin
- Goitrogens
- Furocoumarins
- Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
- Coumarins
- Safrole
- Myristicin

õ¿¬¹ß¾Ï¹°Áú : µ¨¶ó´Ï °æ±¸´Â Æó±âµÇ¾ú´Ù : °ø½Ä ¹ß¾Ï¹°Áú
- õ¿¬½ÄÇ°ÀÇ ¹ß¾Ï¹°ÁúÀº ´ú °ËÁõ µÇ¾úÀ» »ÓÀÌ´Ù
- ÀüÅë½ÄÇ°ÀÇ ¹ß¾Ï¹°Áú
- õ¿¬¹ß¾Ï¹°Áú : ¹ö¼¸ ÇÏÀ̵å¶óÁø Hydrazines
- õ¿¬¹ß¾Ï¹°Áú : °õÆÎÀÌ µ¶¼Ò, ¾ÆÇöóÅå½Å
- õ¿¬¹ß¾Ï¹°Áú : Á·µµ¸®Ç®, ¾Æ¸®½ºÅç·ÎÅ©»ê(aristolochic acid)
- õ¿¬¹ß¾Ï¹°Áú : ¿¡Æ¿Ä«¹Ù¸ÞÀÌÆ®(Ethyl carbamate)  
- õ¿¬¹ß¾Ï¹°Áú : ¹ú²Ü, Pyrrolizidine alkaloids

 

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are found in some plants of the Apocyanacae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Compositae (Senecionae and Eupatoriae), Fabaceae, Leguminosae (Crotalaria), Rannuculaceae and Scrophulariaceae families. Herbs such as comfrey root and leaf (Symphytum spp.) (Figure 2), coltsfoot leaf and flower (Tussilago farfara) and borage leaf (Borago officinale), and several species of Eupatorium typically contain high levels of PAs. Humans are exposed to PAs through the accidental contamination of foodstuffs and intentional ingestion of PA-containing vegetables and herbal medicines. Serious incidences of illness have been reported in people consuming cereal grains that are contaminated with the seeds of PA-containing plants [81]. PAs are also present in milk from cows and goats and in honey [82].

The pyrrolizidine structure is based on two fused, five-membered rings that share a bridgehead nitrogen atom, forming a tertiary alkaloid. The rings contain a hydroxymethylene group at the C-1 position and a hydroxyl group at the C-7 position, forming a necine base. Several PAs that contain unsaturated necine rings are hepatotoxic, mutagenic, teratogenic and/or carcinogenic. Toxicity is thought to be due to enzymatic conversion of PAs to pyrroles, which act as alkylating agents [67]. Pyrroles formed in the liver can travel to the lungs, causing thickening of the pulmonary vasculature and pulmonary hypertension [82].

The sale of comfrey products for internal use has been banned in the United States and Canada [82]. However, comfrey tea is still widely available. It is estimated that consumers of comfrey tea could be ingesting up to 5 mg of PAs per day (Speijers and Egmond, as cited in Deshpande 2002b [81], p. 368), or 0.083 mg/kg bw/day. The range of toxic doses in humans is thought to be 0.1–10 mg/kg per day [84], although the World Health Organization has reported a case of veno-occlusive disease in a subject ingesting 0.015 mg PAs/kg of body weight per day from comfrey.

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs; sometimes referred to as necine bases) are a group of naturally occurring alkaloids based on the structure of pyrrolizidine. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are produced by plants as a defense mechanism against insect herbivores. More than 660 PAs and PA N-oxides have been identified in over 6,000 plants, and about half of them exhibit hepatotoxicity.[1] They are found frequently in plants in the Boraginaceae, Asteraceae, Orchidaceae and Fabaceae families; less frequently in the Convolvulaceae and Poaceae, and in at least one species in the Lamiaceae. It has been estimated that 3% of the world¡¯s flowering plants contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids.[2] Honey can contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids,[3][4] as can grains, milk, offal and eggs.[5] To date (2011), there is no international regulation of PAs in food, unlike those for herbs and medicines.[6][7]

Unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids are hepatotoxic, that is, damaging to the liver.[8][9] PAs also cause hepatic veno-occlusive disease and liver cancer.[10] PAs are tumorigenic.[11] Disease associated with consumption of PAs is known as pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis.

Of concern is the health risk associated with the use of medicinal herbs that contain PAs, notably borage leaf, comfrey and coltsfoot in the West, and some Chinese medicinal herbs.[11]

Some ruminant animals, for example cattle, showed no change in liver enzyme activities or any clinical signs of poisoning when fed plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids.[12] Yet Australian studies have demonstrated toxicity[13] Sheep, goats and cattle are much more resistant and tolerate much higher PA dosages, thought to be due to thorough detoxification via PA-destroying rumen microbes.[14] Males react more sensitively than females and fetuses and children.[15]

PA is also used as a defense mechanism for some organisms such as Utetheisa ornatrix. Utetheisa ornatrix caterpillars obtain these toxins from their food plants and use them as a deterrent for predators. PAs protect them from most of their natural enemies. The toxins stay in these organisms even when they metamorphose into adult moths, continuing to protect them throughout their adult stage.[16]


È£ÁÖ ²Ü ¿À¿°µµ ¼¼°è ÃÖ°í¡¦ÀÚ¿¬µ¶ ÇÔÀ¯ÇØ ¾Ï ¿ì·Á

È£ÁÖÀÇ ½Ä¿ë ²ÜÀº ¾Ï°°Àº ¸¸¼ºÁúȯ¿¡ °ü·ÃµÈ ÀÚ¿¬µ¶(natural poisons)À» ÇÔÀ¯ÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ» Á¤µµ·Î ¼¼°è¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ¿À¿°µÆ´Ù´Â ¿¬±¸°á°ú°¡ ³ª¿Ô´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ µû¶ó ÅÂ¾Æ¿Í ¸ðÀ¯¸¦ ¸Ô´Â ¾Æ±âµéÀÇ °æ¿ì Àå±â ¼Õ»óÀÇ À§ÇèÀÌ ´õ Å« ¸¸Å­ Àӽźγª ¸ðÀ¯ ¼öÀ¯ ¿©¼ºÀº ÁÖÀǸ¦ ±â¿ï¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â Àü¹®°¡ÀÇ ÁöÀûÀÌ ³ª¿Ô´Ù°í ÀÏ°£ ½Ãµå´Ï¸ð´×Çì·²µå°¡ 21ÀÏ º¸µµÇß´Ù.
¾ÆÀÏ·£µå ¿¬±¸ÆÀ¿¡ µû¸£¸é È£ÁÖ ²ÜÀº ÀÚ±¹ ½ÄÇ° ¾ÈÀü±âÁØÀ» ÃæÁ·ÇÏ°í´Â ÀÖÁö¸¸, ÀÌ ±âÁØ ÀÚü´Â À¯·´½ÄÇ°¾ÈÀüû(EFSA) ±âÁغ¸´Ù´Â ÈξÀ ¿ÏÈ­µÈ ¼öÁØÀÌ´Ù.
Àü ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î Àΰ£°ú °¡Ãà¿¡ °¡Àå º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ Áßµ¶ ¿äÀÎÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁø È­Çй°Áú ÇǷѸ®Áöµò ¾ËÄ®·ÎÀ̵å(pyrrolizidine alkaloids)¸¦ º¸¸é ÀÌ´Â Àß µå·¯³­´Ù. ÀÌ È­Çй°ÁúÀº ¹úµéÀÌ Ã£´Â ºÐÈ«¹Ù´Ã²É(Fireweed)°ú °°Àº µ¶¼º ÀâÃÊ¿¡ °¡¹ÌµÅ ÀÖ´Ù.
È£ÁÖ´ºÁú·£µå½ÄÇ°±âÁØû(FSANZ)Àº ÇǷѸ®Áöµò ¾ËÄ®·ÎÀ̵åÀÇ ¾ÈÀüÇÑ ¼·Ãë ¼öÁØÀ» À¯·´±¹°¡µéº¸´Ù 1¸¸4õ¹è ÀÌ»ó ³ô°Ô Ã¥Á¤ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¸ö¹«°Ô §¸´ç ÀÏÀÏ Çã¿ëÄ¡ÀÇ °æ¿ì À¯·´Àº 0.007§¶(¸¶ÀÌÅ©·Î±×·¥¡¤100¸¸ºÐÀÇ 1g), È£ÁÖ´Â 1§¶ÀÌ´Ù.
µ¢´Þ¾Æ À̹ø ¿¬±¸¿¡ ¾²ÀΠȣÁÖ ¹ú²Ü Á¦Ç° Áß 5°³¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ¸ðµÎ°¡ EFSA°¡ Çã¿ëÇÏ´Â ±âÁØÀ» ÃÊ°úÇß´Ù°í °úÇÐÀâÁö '½ÄÇ° ÷°¡¹°°ú ¿À¿°¹°'(Food Additives and contaminants)Àº ÀüÇß´Ù. ƯÈ÷ FSANZ´Â À¯·´°ú´Â ´Þ¸® ±ÔÁ¦ ½Ä¹°¿¡¼­ ³ª¿Â ²ÜÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ²Ü°ú ¼¯¿© Èñ¼®µÇ¸é À½½Ä¹°·Î Çã¿ë, À§ÇèÀ» Å°¿ì´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº Áø´ÜÇß´Ù.
Áö³­ÇØ 10¿ù µ¶ÀÏ ¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀº ÇǷѸ®Áöµò ¾ËÄ®·ÎÀÌµå °°Àº È­Çй°Áú¿¡ ¾ÆÁÖ ³·Àº ¼öÁظ¸ ³ëÃâµÇ´õ¶óµµ À¯ÀüÀÚ µ¹¿¬º¯À̸¦ ÀÏÀ¸ÄÑ ¸¸¼º ÆóÁúȯÀ̳ª ¾ÏÀ¸·Î À̾îÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í °æ°íÇÑ ¹Ù ÀÖ´Ù.

È£ÁÖÀÇ Àú¸íÇÑ °ü·ÃÀü¹®°¡ Á¸ ¿¡µå°¡ ¹Ú»çµµ ÀÌµé µ¶¼º¹°Áú¿¡ ½ÄÀÌ ³ëÃâ(dietary exposure)¸¸À¸·Îµµ ¾Ï ¹ßº´ÀÇ »ó´çÇÑ ¿äÀÎÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸ç "²Ü°ú Â÷, »ø·¯µå, ¹Ð°¡·ç, À¯Á¦Ç°, ÇãºêÁ¦Ç°°ú °°Àº ½ÄÇ°ÀÇ ¿À¿°À» ³·Ã߸é Àü ¼¼°è ¾Ï ¹ßº´µµ Å©°Ô ÁÙÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù"°í ¸»Çß´Ù.
¼¼°èº¸°Ç±â±¸(WHO)´Â ÀÌ¹Ì ÇãºêÂ÷¿Í ÇãºêÀǾàÇ° µî¿¡¼­ ³ô°Ô ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ÇǷѸ®Áöµò ¾ËÄ®·ÎÀ̵带 ½É°¢ÇÑ À§ÇùÀ¸·Î ±ÔÁ¤ÇÑ ¹Ù ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, FSANZ Ãøµµ ÃÖ±Ù ÀÏÀÏ Çã¿ëÄ¡ ±âÁØÀÌ °­È­µÅ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡ °ø°¨À» Ç¥½ÃÇß´Ù°í ½Å¹®Àº ÀüÇß´Ù.


È£ÁÖ»ê ²Ü Ãµ¿¬ µ¶¼º ¡®¹ß¾Ï¹°Áú¡¯ ¹ü¹÷
: 2016-01-21 23:02

µ¶¼º¹°Áú ÇǷѸ®Áöµò ¾ËÄ®·ÎÀÌµå ¼·Ãë±âÁØ À¯·´º¸´Ù 142¹è ³ô¾Æ
¼ø¼ö ÀÚ¿¬»êÀ¸·Î À¯¸íÇÑ È£ÁÖÀÇ ½Ä¿ë ²ÜÀÌ ¾Ï µîÀÇ ¸¸¼ºÁúȯ ¹ßº´°ú °ü·ÃµÈ ÀÚ¿¬µ¶À» ´Ù·® ÇÔÀ¯ÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾î À§ÇèÇÏ´Ù´Â ¿¬±¸°á°ú°¡ ³ª¿Ô´Ù°í ½Ãµå´Ï¸ð´×Çì·²µå°¡ 21ÀÏ º¸µµÇß´Ù.
¾ÆÀÏ·£µå³ó¾÷½ÄÇ°ÁøÈïû°ú ¿µ±¹ Á¦¾à¾÷ü ±Û¶ô¼Ò½º¹Ì½ºÅ¬¶óÀÎÀÇ °øµ¿ ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀÌ °úÇÐ Àü¹®¸Åü ¡®½ÄÇ° ÷°¡¹°°ú ¿À¿°¹°¡¯¿¡ °ÔÀçÇÑ ¿¬±¸ °á°ú¿¡ µû¸£¸é È£ÁÖ ²Ü¿¡¼­ ´Ù¸¥ Áö¿ªÀÇ ²Ü¿¡ ºñÇØ È­Çй°Áú ÇǷѸ®Áöµò ¾ËÄ®·ÎÀ̵尡 ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ °ËÃâµÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. ÇǷѸ®Áöµò ¾ËÄ®·ÎÀ̵å´Â ¹úµéÀÌ Ã£´Â ºÐÈ«¹Ù´Ã²É µîÀÇ ÀâÃÊ¿¡ Æ÷ÇԵŠÀÖ´Â ½Ä¹°¼º µ¶ÀÌ´Ù.
¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº È£ÁÖ ¹ú²Ü Á¦Ç° °¡¿îµ¥ 5°³¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ¸ðµç Á¦Ç°ÀÌ ÀÚ±¹ÀÇ ½ÄÇ° ¾ÈÀü±âÁØÀ» ÃæÁ·ÇÏ°í ÀÖÁö¸¸ À¯·´ÀÇ ±âÁØÀº ÃÊ°úÇß´Ù°í ¹àÇû´Ù. È£ÁÖ´ºÁú·£µå½ÄÇ°±âÁØû(FSANZ)Àº ÇǷѸ®Áöµò ¾ËÄ®·ÎÀ̵åÀÇ ¾ÈÀüÇÑ ¼·Ãë ¼öÁØÀ» À¯·´ ±¹°¡º¸´Ù ¾à 142¹è ÀÌ»ó ³ô°Ô Ã¥Á¤ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¸ö¹«°Ô §¸´ç 1ÀÏ Çã¿ëÄ¡ÀÇ °æ¿ì À¯·´Àº 0.007§¶(¸¶ÀÌÅ©·Î±×·¥¡¤100¸¸ºÐÀÇ 1g), È£ÁÖ´Â 1§¶ÀÌ´Ù. FSANZ´Â ¶ÇÇÑ µ¶¼º ÀâÃÊ¿¡¼­ ÃßÃâÇÑ ²ÜÀ» µ¶¼ºÀÌ ¾ø´Â ²Ü¿¡ Èñ¼®ÇØ ÆǸÅÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» Çã¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¹Ý¸é À¯·´¿¬ÇÕ(EU), ¿µ±¹, µ¶ÀÏ µî¿¡¼­´Â Èñ¼® ¹æ½ÄÀ» ¾ö°ÝÈ÷ ±ÝÁöÇÑ´Ù.
Áö³­ÇØ 10¿ù µ¶ÀÏ ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº ÇǷѸ®Áöµò ¾ËÄ®·ÎÀÌµå °°Àº È­Çй°Áú¿¡ ¾ÆÁÖ ³·Àº ¼öÁظ¸ ³ëÃâµÇ´õ¶óµµ À¯ÀüÀÚ µ¹¿¬º¯À̸¦ ÀÏÀ¸ÄÑ ¸¸¼º ÆóÁúȯÀ̳ª ¾ÏÀ¸·Î À̾îÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í °æ°íÇÑ ¹Ù ÀÖ´Ù. È£ÁÖÀÇ µ¶¼ºÇÐÀÚÀÎ Á¸ ¿¡µå°¡ ¹Ú»çµµ ¡°À̵é È­Çй°ÁúÀ» Á¶±Ý¸¸ ¼·ÃëÇصµ ¾Ï ¹ßº´ÀÇ »ó´çÇÑ ¿äÀÎÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¡±¸ç ¡°²Ü°ú Â÷, »ø·¯µå, ¹Ð°¡·ç, À¯Á¦Ç°, ÇãºêÁ¦Ç°°ú °°Àº ½ÄÇ°¿¡¼­ À̵é È­Çй°ÁúÀÇ ÇÔÀ¯·®À» ³·Ã߸é Àü ¼¼°è ¾Ï ¹ßº´µµ Å©°Ô ÁÙÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¡±°í ¸»Çß´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ÅÂ¾Æ¿Í ¿µ¾ÆÀÇ °æ¿ì Àå±â ¼Õ»óÀÇ À§ÇèÀÌ ´õ Å« ¸¸Å­ Àӽźγª ¸ðÀ¯ ¼öÀ¯ ¿©¼ºÀº ²ÜÀ» ¼·ÃëÇÒ ¶§ ÁÖÀǸ¦ ±â¿ï¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í Àü¹®°¡µéÀº ÁöÀûÇß´Ù.
¼¼°èº¸°Ç±â±¸(WHO)´Â ÀÌ¹Ì ÇãºêÂ÷¿Í ÇãºêÀǾàÇ° µî¿¡¼­ ³ô°Ô ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ÇǷѸ®Áöµò ¾ËÄ®·ÎÀ̵带 ½É°¢ÇÑ À§ÇùÀ¸·Î ±ÔÁ¤Çß´Ù. FSANZ Ãøµµ ÃÖ±Ù 1ÀÏ Çã¿ëÄ¡ ±âÁØÀÌ °­È­µÅ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡ °ø°¨À» Ç¥½ÃÇß´Ù°í ½Ãµå´Ï¸ð´×Çì·²µå´Â ÀüÇß´Ù.


ÆäÀ̽ººÏ       ¹æ¸í·Ï      ¼öÁ¤ 2017-11-09 / µî·Ï 2014-01-29 / Á¶È¸ : 8779 (571)



¿ì¸®ÀÇ °Ç°­À» ÇØÄ¡´Â ºÒ·®Áö½ÄÀÌ ¾ø´Â ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î ¼¼»óÀ» ²Þ²Ù¸ç ...  2009.12  ÃÖ³«¾ð


¡¡