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MSG ¡í ¿ªÇÒ, ³í¶õ

±Û·çŽ»ê Glutamic acidÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ : ºñŸ¹Î ±â´ÉÀ» ´Ù ÇÕÇصµ   

±Û·çŽ»ê ¿ªÇÒ
* ±Û·çŽ»ê À̾߱â : °¡Àå Æò¹üÇϸ鼭 ºñ¹üÇÑ ¾Æ¹Ì³ë»ê
- ½Ä¹°ÀÇ ¿µ¾çÁ¦

¿ì¸® ¸öÀÇ ´Ü¹éÁúÀº 10¸¸Á¾ÀÌ ³Ñ°í, È¿¼Ò´Â 2000Á¾ÀÌ ³Ñ´Â´Ù. ÀÌÁß¿¡¼­ ±Û·çŽ»êÀÌ Æ÷ÇÔµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸îÁ¾À̳ª µÉ±î
Produced naturally in the body, glutamate is an important building block of protein. It has a key role in the metabolism of major nutrients and is important for the reconstruction of body protein and the metabolism of energy. The human body naturally creates and metabolizes glutamate every day.  In adults, the daily turnover of glutamate amounts to around 50 g per day (The daily turnover of body protein is computed to be about 300 g for 70 kg body weight adult.)
A 60 kg adult body contains about 10 kg protein, about 1.4 kg of which is bound glutamate. Another form of glutamate, free glutamate in the body totals about 17 g per adult. About one fourth of total free glutamate in the body is in the brain.  By itself, the brain synthesizes necessary glutamate. In the brain, glutamate functions as one of the key neurotransmitters.
Human milk contains rather high amount of free glutamate, 10 times as high as cow's milk. Thus, infants everyday consume high amounts of free glutamate from mother's milk: 126 mg for 3.5 kg body weight baby, which corresponds to 2.2 g/60 kg body weight adult.

1. ¾Æ¹Ì³ë»êÀÇ ½ÃÀÛ : ½Ä¹°Àº Áú¼Ò¸¦ ±Û·çŽ»êÀ¸·Î Æ÷ȹÇÑ´Ù
- Áú¼Ò°íÁ¤ : ±Û·çŽ»ê + ¾Ï¸ð´Ï¾Æ --> ±Û·çŸ¹Î
- ±Û·çŽ»êÀÌ GlutamineÀÌ µÇ¸é¼­ Áú¼Ò¸¦ Æ÷ȹÇÑ´Ù

  

 


2. ¸¹Àº ¾Æ¹Ì³ë»êÀÌ glutamic acidÀ¸·Î ºÎÅÍ ¸¸µé¾îÁø´Ù
- ±Û·çŽ»ê¿¡¼­ ÇÁ·Ñ¸°ÀÌ ¸¸µé¾îÁø´Ù
- ±Û·çŽ»ê¿¡¼­ ¾Æ¸£±â´Ñ arginineÀÌ ÇÕ¼ºµÈ´Ù
- ±Û·çŽ»êÀÌ GlutamineÀÌ ¸¸µé¾îÁö°í È÷½ºÆ¼µòÀÌ ¸¸µé¾îÁø´Ù

- ±Û·çŽ»ê¿¡¼­ ¾Ë¶ó´ÑÀÌ ¸¸µé¾îÁö°í ·ù½Å, ¹ß¸°ÀÌ ¸¸µé¾îÁø´Ù
  

- ±Û·çŽ»ê¿¡¼­ ¼¼¸°ÀÌ ¸¸µé¾îÁö°í ±Û¸®½Å, ½Ã½ºÅ×ÀÎÀÌ ¸¸µé¾îÁø´Ù
 

- ±Û·çŽ»ê¿¡¼­ ¾Æ½ºÆÄÆ®»ê ¸¸µé¾îÁö°í ¶óÀ̽Å, Æ®·¹¿À´Ñ, ¸ÞƼ¿À´ÑÀÌ

 

3.  ³ú¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ½Å°æÀü´Þ ¹°ÁúÀÌ´Ù
- ±Û·çŽ»ê ¼ö¿ëü
- GabaÀÇ Àü±¸¹°ÁúÀÌ´Ù

4. ±Û·çŽ»êÀÌ °¡Àå ÈçÇÑ ´ë»ç»ê¹°ÀÌ´Ù
- DNA¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â ÇÙ»êÀÇ Àü±¸¹°ÁúÀÌ´Ù
- Protoporphyrin (¿±·Ï¼Ò, Çì¸ð±Û·Îºó)ÀÇ Àü±¸¹°Áú
- ºñŸ¹Î B9 ¿±»êÀÌ ¸¸µé¾îÁø´Ù
- Vitamin K, Caµî°ú ÇÔ²² Ç÷¾×ÀÀ°íÀÇ Çʼö ¹°Áú
- Ç×»êÈ­Á¦ÀÎ glutathioneÀÇ Àü±¸¹°ÁúÀÌ´Ù.
- Æ®·£½º±Û·çŸ¹Ì³ªÁ¦ÀÇ ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ¸é ´Ü´ÜÇÑ °ÖÀ» ¸¸µç´Ù
- Ä®¸ðµâ¸° : Ä®½· ¿î¹Ýµµ »ê¼º¾Æ¹Ì³ë»ê
- ¹ã²É Çâ±â spermidine


5. ±Û·çŽ»êÀÇ »ý¸®Àû, ÀÇÇÐÀû ±â´É
- ±Û·çŽ»ê, Á¡¸· ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ¿¡³ÊÁö¿ø
- ±Û·çŽ»êÀÇ Ç×¾ÏÁ¦·ÎÀÇ °¡´É¼º

6. Flavor enhancer :  °­·ÂÇÑ Ç³¹ÌÁõÁø¹°Áú
- °¨Ä¥¸À À̾߱â,  °¨Ä¥¸À°ú MSG À̾߱â
- Stomach & Gut has MSG receptors
- Gut Senses Glutamates, Increase Memory & Importance for that Food!
- enhances Long Term Memory & Importance of that Food!
- Taste Helper : works best in the presence of others!
- Improves Digestion, Increases Salivation
- Enhances Saltiness, Sweetness
- Suppresses Bitterness
- Potentiated by Lactic (beef) & Citric Acid
- ³ëÀÎÀÇ À½½Ä ¼·Ã븦 µ½´Â´Ù.
- ¼Ò±Ý ¼·Ãë·®À» ÁÙÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù

7. ±Û·çŽ»êÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ¿ëµµ
- Æú¸®±Û·çŽ»ê Polyglutamic acid

- It is used as surfactants
It is hydrophilic by nature and can combine with hydrophobic fatty acids easily to form molecules with both water-soluble and water repelling portions that can be used as surfactants. There are many applications of GA derivatives as surfactants, especially due to its lack of harmful effects to skin and their general smooth appearance. It is very much favored by the cosmetic, moisture containing hair shampoo product manufacturers.

- It is used as buffer
GA is an amphopteric substance that contains both acidic and basic functional groups and thus a natural buffer by itself.

-. It is used as Chelating agents
GA has two carboxylic groups, which can form chelates with many metal cations. Such chelating reaction is useful in the removal of heavy-metal contaminants in the wastewater treatment processes.

- It is used in culture medium
GA happens to be one of the main components in the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria. It is also one of the most essential amino acids for other microorganisms to grow on. In most cases, it is often necessary to add GA into culture media to effect normal growth.

- It is used in agriculture
GA is one of the major amino acids in plant proteins and plays a role of the major nitrogen storage for plants. That is why GA is often one of the more prominent ingredients in many plant growth supplements. Besides, GA is vital in the nitrogen metabolism in plants.



MSG´Â ´Ü¹éÁúÀÇ 20%¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÑ´Ù
- wiki : glutamic acid
- ¾Æ¹Ì³ë»ê Áß¿¡¼­ negative charge¸¦ °®´Â 2 Á¾·ùÀÇ Áß Çϳª´Ù (´Ù¸¥ Çϳª´Â aspartic acid).

´Ù¸¥ ¹°Áú°ú ½±°Ô °áÇÕÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í  ¼¼Æ÷¸· ¾ÈÀÇ ¼ö¿ë¼º ȯ°æ°ú ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô »óÈ£ ÀÛ¿ëÇÏÁö¸¸ ¼¼Æ÷¸·À» Åë°úÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. Glutamate performs a myriad of essential roles in intermediary metabolism and is present in large amounts in the organs and tissues of the body. The daily turnover of glutamate in the adult human has been estimated as 4800mg (Munro 1979).  A substrate for protein synthesis – as one of the most abundant amino acids present in nature, comprising between 10 – 40% by weight of most proteins, L-glutamic acid is an essential substrate for protein synthesis.

¾Æ¹Ì³ë»ê ´ë»çÀÇ Á߽ɹ°Áú : ¸¹Àº ¹°ÁúÀÌ glutamic acidÀ¯·¡
±Û·çŽ»êÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² ¾Æ¹Ì³ë»êÀ» ¸Ô¾îµµ ¿ì¸® ¸ö¼Ó¿¡¼­´Â ±Û·çŽ»êÀÌ ¸¸µé¾îÁø´Ù. ¾î¶² ´Ü¹éÁúÀ» ¸Ô¾îµµ Àá±ñÀ̳ª¸¶ ±Û·çŽ»êÀÌ ¸¸µé¾îÁø´Ù. ¾Æ¹Ì³ë»ê ºÐÇØÀÇ Ã¹¹ø° ¹ÝÀÀÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ¾Æ¹Ì³ë»êÀÇ Áú¼ÒºÐÀÚ°¡ alpha-ketoglutarate·Î ÀüÇØÁö¸é¼­ ±Û·çŽ»êÀÌ ¸¸µé¾îÁö´Â °úÁ¤. ±×¸¸Å­ ±Û·çŽ»êÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ ¸¹ÀÌ Àüȯ½ÃÅ°´Â ¹°Áú(ÇÏ·ç 40±×·¥)À̶ó´Â ¶æ . Glutamic acid´Â ornithine, arginineµî ¿©·¯ ¾Æ¹Ì³ë»ê¿¡¼­ »ýÇÕ¼ºµÈ´Ù.


A transamination partner with ¥á-ketoglutarate – L-glutamate is synthesised from ammonia and ¥á-ketoglutarate (an intermediate of the citric acid cycle) in a reaction catalysed by L-glutamate dehydrogenase. This reaction is of fundamental importance in the biosynthesis of all amino acids, since glutamate is the amino group donor in the biosynthesis of other amino acids through transamination reactions (Lehninger 1982);

½Å°æÀü´Þ¹°Áú : Glutamate - ÀÎÁö´É·Â, ±â¾ï·Âµî ¸Ó¸®¸¦ ÁÁ°ÔÇÏ´Â ¹°ÁúÀÌ´Ù
- GabaÀÇ Àü±¸¹°ÁúÀÌ´Ù
Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system. At chemical synapses, glutamate is stored in vesicles. Nerve impulses trigger release of glutamate from the pre-synaptic cell. In the opposing post-synaptic cell, glutamate receptors, such as the NMDA receptor, bind glutamate and are activated. Because of its role in synaptic plasticity, glutamate is involved in cognitive functions like learning and memory in the brain. The form of plasticity known as long-term potentiation takes place at glutamatergic synapses in the hippocampus, neocortex, and other parts of the brain. Glutamate works not only as a point-to-point transmitter but also through spill-over synaptic crosstalk between synapses in which summation of glutamate released from a neighboring synapse creates extrasynaptic signaling/volume transmission.

GlutamineÀÇ Àü±¸Ã¼ : NH3 Çص¶µî
glutamine°ú glutamic acid´Â »óÈ£ ÀüȯµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ³ú´Â ÀÏÂ÷ÀûÀ¸·Î glutamic acid¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ³ú±â´ÉÀ» ¹æÇØÇÏ´Â °ú´Ù ¾Ï¸ð´Ï¾Æ¸¦ Á¦°ÅÇÏ¿© ±Û·çŸ¹ÎÀ¸·Î ÀüȯµÈ´Ù.

• Glutamate also serves as the precursor for the synthesis of the inhibitory GABA in GABA-ergic neurons. This reaction is catalyzed by glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), which is most abundant in the cerebellum and pancreas. Stiff-man syndrome is a neurologic disorder caused by anti-GAD antibodies, leading to a decrease in GABA synthesis and, therefore, impaired motor function such as muscle stiffness and spasm. Since the pancreas is also abundant for the enzyme GAD, a direct immunological destruction occurs in the pancreas and the patients will have diabetes mellitus.
GlutamineÀÇ ½Å°æ°è ¿ªÇÒÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. ½ºÆ®·¹½º, ¼ö¼ú, Áúº´ ½Ã¿¡´Â ±ÙÀ°¿¡ ÀúÀåµÈ ±Û·çŸ¹ÎÀÇ 1/3°¡·®ÀÌ ¹æÃâµÇ¾î ½Å°æ°è¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ±ÙÀ° ¼Ò½ÇÀ» ÃÊ·¡ÇÑ´Ù. À̶§L-glutamine º¸ÃæÁ¦¸¦ Åõ¿©ÇÏ¸é ±ÙÀ° ±Û·çŸ¹Î ¹æÃâÀÌ ÈξÀ ÁÙ¾îµç´Ù. ±× ¿Ü¿¡µµ ±Û·çŸ¹Î º¸ÃæÁ¦´Â °üÀý¿°, ÀÚ°¡ ¸é¿ª Áúȯ, ¹ßÀ° ºÎÀü, ¹ß±âºÎÀü, Á¤½ÅºÐ¿­Áõ, ¾ÏÀÇ ¹æ»ç¼± Ä¡·á¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¼Õ»ó ¶§ Åõ¿©ÇÑ´Ù. Glutamic acid´Â Áß¿äÇÑ ½Å°æ Àü´Þ ¹°Áú·Î Ä®·ýÀÇ BBB Åë°ú¸¦ µ½°í ´ç ¹× Áö¹æ ´ë»ç¿¡ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. Glutamic acid´Â GABA Àü±¸Ã¼´Ù. ±×·¯³ª GABA¿Í ¹Ý´ë·Î ÈïºÐ¼º ½Å°æ Àü´Þ ¹°Áú·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇÑ´Ù. BBB¸¦ Åë°úÇÏ´Â ¸î ¾È µÇ´Â ¿µ¾ç¼Ò Áß Çϳª·Î ³úÀÇ ¾Ï¸ð´Ï¾Æ Çص¶ÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù. ÀÚ¿¬¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â nature's Brain food·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ¾î mental capacities¸¦ Áõ°¡½ÃÅ°°í ¿ì¿ïÁõ, ÇÇ·Î, ¾ËÄÚ¿ÃÁßµ¶(alcoholism), °£Áú, ±ÙÀ°ÅðÇàÀ§Ãà(muscular dystrophy), Á¤½ÅÁöü(mental retardation), Á¤½Å ºÐ¿­Áõ Ä¡·á¿¡µµ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù.


Protoporphyrin (¿±·Ï¼Ò, Çì¸ð±Û·Îºó)ÀÇ Àü±¸¹°Áú
  - ¿±·Ï¼ÒÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ
  - Çì¸ð±Û·Îºó ±â´É : O2
  

Ä®¸ðµâ¸° : Ä®½· ¿î¹Ýµµ »ê¼º¾Æ¹Ì³ë»ê

  


􀂃 A substrate for glutathione production – glutathione, a tripeptide composed of glutamic acid, cysteine and glycine, is present in all animal cells and serves as a reductant of toxic peroxides by the action of glutathione peroxidase. Glutathione is also postulated to function in the transport of amino acids across cell membranes (Lehninger 1982);

 

􀂃 A precursor of N-acetylglutamate
- Áú¼Ò ¹èÃâ urea cycle
- Precursor for the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO)
- »êÈ­Áú¼ÒÀÇ ±â´É

an essential allosteric activator of carbamyl phosphate synthetase I, a key regulatory enzyme in the urea cycle, ensuring that the rate of urea synthesis is in accord with rates of amino acid deamination (Brosnan 2000);
 



􀂃 An important energy source for some tissues (mucosa) – intestinal tissues are responsible for significant metabolism of dietary glutamate, where it serves as a significant energy yielding substrate (Young and Ajami 2000). A net effect of the extensive intestinal metabolism of dietary glutamate is a relatively stable plasma glutamate concentration throughout fasting and fed periods.


􀂃 Treating Neuropsychological Conditions
Glutamic acid is very important in the treatment of conditions such as bipolar, schizophrenia, depression, anxiety and other mood related disorders. Studies have shown that individuals that suffer from these neuropsychological conditions typically have an unbalanced ratio or concentration of neurotransmitters. Low GABA levels are frequently associated with severe depression, neuroticism, anxiety and manic mood states12. There may also be a link between glutamic acid and aggression, with studies showing that mice engaged in aggressive behavior have low levels of GABA and glutamic acid3.

􀂃 Healthy Brain Function
Glutamic acid is essentially a fuel for the brain. In addition to providing a direct energy source for the brain to function at a high level, this amino acid simulates mental alertness and improved memory function. Because of the important role this amino acid has in cognitive function, some medical practitioners recommend supplementation to treat conditions such as attention deficit disorder (ADD). The belief is that glutamic acid will help children with behavioural problems and make it easier for them to concentrate and facilitate a better learning environment.

􀂃 Detoxification & Immune System Support
Glutamic acid is essential for detoxifying ammonia. This amino acid bonds to nitrogen atoms and in turn, creates glutamine. This conversion from glutamic acid into glutamine is the only way to remove this toxic metabolic waste product, making it essential for a healthy body. Glutamic acid is also required for the synthesis of glutathione, one of the most effective and abundant antioxidants in the body. Glutathione is extremely important in the neutralisation of free radicals, helping to protect cells and boost the immune system.

􀂃 Heart Function
Research has shown that glutamic acid may play a role in protecting the heart in patients with heart disease. Glutamic acid in the form of monosodium glutamate (MSG) can increase exercise tolerance and improve heart function when injected intravenously in patients with stable angina pectoris 4. This amino acid may also help to reduce chest pain commonly associated with coronary heart disease.

􀂃 Prostate Health
Glutamic acid plays a very important role in facilitating the normal functioning of the prostrate. Consequently, prostate fluid has a high glutamic acid concentration. As men age, the prostate gland begins to enlarge, a condition referred to as benign prostatic hyperplasia. Glutamic acid supplementation is often recommended to help patients

􀂃 Muscular Dystrophy
Glutamic acid may prove beneficial in the treatment of muscular dystrophy. A study performed at the DNA Laboratory at Guy's Hospital in London showed that a deficiency of glutamic acid was found in the phenotype of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The introduction of glutamic acid may reverse the defiency and promote a treatment for this disorder.

􀂃 Schizophrenia
Glutamic acid may also be an effective treatment for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. A study performed at the Psychiatric Institute at the University of Illinois-Chicago revealed in a post mortem study that schizophrenics have a decreased level of glutamic acid. Introduction of glutamic acid therapy in order to reverse the deficiency may offer an effective therapy for this disorder.

􀂃 Parkinson's Disease
Individuals who suffer from Parkinson's disease are also deficient in glutamic acid. Research performed by the Department of Anatomy and Physiology at Boston University School of Medicine confirmed that individuals with Parkinson's disease have a significantly lower glutamic acid levels than the control patients involved with the study. Glutamic acid therapy could be an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease by regulating glutamic acid levels in the brain and reducing the effects of Parkinson's disease.

􀂃 IQ for Mentally Challenged Individuals
Glutamic acid may also help mentally challenged individuals function at a higher level. According to the British Journal of Psychiatry, individuals with greatly reduced intelligence quotas were treated with glutamic acid for a period of 10 months. The results of the study showed that over the 10-month period, 50 percent of the individuals treated with glutamic acid improved their intelligence quota by eight to 11 points opposed to no change in the group not treated with glutamic acid.

􀂃 ¹ã²É Çâ±â spermidine Àº ³ëÈ­ ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ°í DNA º¸È£ÇÑ´Ù
- ¹ã²É Çâ±â spermidine



Health Benefits of Glutamate

1) Glutamate Helps the Brain Function
It is the most important neurotransmitter for normal brain function (R).
Nearly all excitatory neurons in the the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system) are glutamatergic.
As the main excitatory neurotransmitter, it sends signals to the brain and throughout the body. It helps cognitive function, memory, learning, and other brain functions (R).
Glutamate plays an important role in brain development (R).
The brain needs glutamate to form memories (R).
Low levels of glutamate cause problems in the brain. Increasing glutamate levels in the brain improve its functions.
Glutamate levels are lower in schizophrenic adults than healthy adults (R).
Low amounts of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5) indicate poor brain development in epilepsy patients (R).
Low glutamate release might cause autism spectrum disorder in mice (R).
Also, low levels are linked to major psychiatric disorders (R).
In rats, increasing leucine increases glutamate entry into the brain. This can increase and restore brain function after brain injury (R).

2) Glutamate Is a Precursor for GABA
The body uses glutamate to produce neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), an inhibitory neurotransmitter that plays an important role in learning and muscle contraction (R). In addition, GABA is known as a calming neurotransmitter that helps reduce anxiety and sleep.
The enzyme Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD) converts glutamate to GABA. Autoimmunity against GAD (also a marker for type 1 diabetes) results in too little GABA and too much glutamate.

3) Glutamate in Foods Improves Gut Function
Dietary glutamate is the main energy source for the gut cells and an important substrate for the synthesis of amino acids in the gut (R).
Food-derived glutamate triggers the digestive system and the entire body to respond to foods by (R):
Activating the vagus nerve via nitric oxide and serotonin secretion in the gut
Stimulating gut movement by increasing gut serotonin levels
Increasing body heat and energy production in response to eating
It is also required for the production of antioxidant glutathione thus maintaining healthy gut lining (R, R2, R3).
When given orally, a supplement of arginine and glutamate ca improves gut movement. In rats and dogs, the supplement treated gut dysfunction (R).
Glutamate protects the stomach lining from H. pylori and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (R, R2).

4) Glutamate in Foods Increases Appetite and Satiety
The presence of glutamate in foods might also signal to our bodies that we are getting high-protein foods, which our bodies prefer.
The presence of MSG in foods increases appetite as we eat, but also increases satiety after we consume the foods (R).

5) Blood Glutamate Plays a Role in Immunity
Glutamate receptors are present on immune cells (T cells, B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells), which suggest a role of glutamate both in the innate and adaptive immune systems (R).
Glutamate has very potent effects not only on normal but also on cancer and autoimmune pathological T cells. Therefore, glutamate and drugs that activate glutamate receptors might be used in the treatment of cancer and infectious organisms (R).
Glutamate increases regulatory T cells (Treg), and may have a protective role in inflammatory neurodegenerative diseases (R, R2).
B-cells produced more IgG and IgE when cultured with glutamate (R).

6) Cellular Glutamate Increases Longevity
In yeasts, increasing glutamate levels slows down cellular aging and increases lifespan (R, R2).
In chickens, a supplement of glutamine and glutamic acid reduced mortality rates compared to ones with normal diets (R).

7) Glutamate Is Associated with Bone Health
Glutamate is important for growth and development of the bone (R).
It decreases the development of cells that degrade bones (osteoclasts), and may aid in the treatment of a variety of bone diseases, such as osteoporosis in humans (R).

8) Glutamate Is Important for Muscle Function
Glutamate may play an important role in muscle function (R).
During exercise, glutamate plays a central role in providing energy and glutathione production (R).
Glutamate may promote the development of muscular dystrophy in animal models (R).

 

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ÆäÀ̽ººÏ       ¹æ¸í·Ï      ¼öÁ¤ 2019-06-06 / µî·Ï 2010-09-30 / Á¶È¸ : 46055 (1848)



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